Why differences in perception occur




















Even though the retinal image of a receding automobile shrinks in size, a person with normal experience perceives the size of the object to remain constant. One of the most impressive features of perception is the tendency of objects to appear stable despite their continually changing features: we have stable perceptions despite unstable stimuli.

Such matches between the object as it is perceived and the object as it is understood to actually exist are called perceptual constancies. There are many common visual and perceptual constancies that we experience during the perception process.

The perception of the image is still based upon the actual size of the perceptual characteristics. The visual perception of size constancy has given rise to many optical illusions. The Ponzo illusion : This famous optical illusion uses size constancy to trick us into thinking the top yellow line is longer than the bottom; they are actually the exact same length. Or, perhaps more accurately, the actual shape of the object is sensed by the eye as changing but then perceived by the brain as the same.

This happens when we watch a door open: the actual image on our retinas is different each time the door swings in either direction, but we perceive it as being the same door made of the same shapes. Shape constancy : This form of perceptual constancy allows us to perceive that the door is made of the same shapes despite different images being delivered to our retinae. This refers to the relationship between apparent distance and physical distance.

An example of this illusion in daily life is the moon. When it is near the horizon, it is perceived as closer to Earth than when it is directly overhead. This is a feature of the human color perception system that ensures that the color of an object remains similar under varying conditions.

Consider the shade illusion: our perception of how colors are affected by bright light versus shade causes us to perceive the two squares as different colors.

In fact, they are the same exact shade of gray. Checker-shadow illusion : Color constancy tricks our brains into seeing squares A and B as two different colors; however, they are the exact same shade of gray.

Our ears do the job as well. In music, we can identify a guitar as a guitar throughout a song, even when its timbre, pitch, loudness, or environment change.

This is thanks to auditory perceptual constancy! Privacy Policy. Skip to main content. Sensation and Perception. Search for:. Introduction to Perception. Introducing the Perception Process Perception is the set of unconscious processes we undergo to make sense of the stimuli and sensations we encounter. Learning Objectives Outline the stages of the perception process. Our perceptions are based on how we interpret different sensations. The perceptual process begins with receiving stimuli from the environment and ends with our interpretation of those stimuli.

When we attend to or select one specific thing in our environment, it becomes the attended stimulus. Organization of stimuli happens by way of neural processes; this starts with our sensory receptors touch, taste, smell, sight, and hearing , and is transmitted to our brains, where we organize the information we receive.

After we receive and organize stimuli, we can interpret those stimuli, which simply means that we take the information and turn it into something that we can categorize. Key Terms percept : A mental representation of a stimulus Perception Process : A sequence of steps that involves, sequentially: selection of stimuli in the environment, organization of that information, and interpretation of those stimuli.

Perception : The organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information. Selection Selection, the first stage of perception, is the process through which we attend to some stimuli in our environment and not others. Learning Objectives Explain factors that influence selection, the first stage of the perception process.

Key Takeaways Key Points Selection is the process by which we attend to some stimuli in our environment and not others. Selection is often influenced by our personal motives, incentives, impulses, or drives to act a certain way.

Perceptual expectancy is a predisposition to perceive things in a certain way. It explains why we are more likely to selectively attend to some stimuli and not others. Selection is often influenced by intense stimuli, such as bright lights and colors, loud sounds, strong odors, spicy flavors, or painful contact.

Evolutionary psychologists believe this is because it aids in survival. Key Terms cocktail party effect : The phenomenon of being able to selectively focus on a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli in the same way that a partygoer can focus on a single conversation in a noisy room or notice their name being spoken in another conversation.

Perceptual Expectancy : A predisposition to perceive things in a certain way, demonstrated by selective retention, perception, and exposure. Selection : Stage one of the perception process, and the process by which we attend to some stimuli in our environment and not others. Organization Organization is the stage in the perception process in which we mentally arrange stimuli into meaningful and comprehensible patterns.

Learning Objectives Compare various ways attended stimuli can be organized in the mind. Key Takeaways Key Points Organization, the second stage of the perceptual process, is how we mentally arrange information into meaningful and digestible patterns. The Gestalt laws of grouping are a set of principles in psychology that explain how humans naturally perceive stimuli as organized patterns and objects.

The human brain has a special module specifically for recognizing and organizing people: the fusiform face area FFA. Perceptual schemas help us organize impressions of people based on appearance, social roles, interaction, or other traits, while stereotypes help us systematize information so the information is easier to identify, recall, predict, and react to.

Key Terms Perceptual Schema : Psychological systems of categorization that we use to organize impressions of people appearance, social roles, interaction style, habits, etc. Gestalt Laws of Grouping : A set of principles in psychology that explains how humans naturally perceive stimuli as organized patterns and objects. Interpretation Interpretation, the final stage of perception, is the subjective process through which we represent and understand stimuli.

Learning Objectives Explain factors that influence interpretation, the third stage of the perception process. Key Takeaways Key Points Interpretation is the process through which we represent and understand stimuli. Once information is organized into categories, we superimpose it onto our lives to give them meaning. Interpretation of stimuli is subjective, which means that individuals can come to different conclusions about the exact same stimuli.

Subjective interpretation of stimuli is affected by individual values, needs, beliefs, experiences, expectations, self-concept, and other personal factors.

Interpretation : The third and final stage of the perception process. This stage is characterized by our representation and understanding of stimuli in our environment. If the sound of your thoughts or voice is at least one of your answers, then communication is not occurring. Try to read this paragraph again without interruption. Your tendency might be to skim over the words, or to focus on key vocabulary, but if you allow your thoughts to stray from the text you are reading, even for a moment, you are interrupting your processing of the written word, or reading.

Interruptions will impair your ability to understand and retain information, and make studying even harder. In order to better understand perception, we will examine how you choose to pay attention, remember, and interpret messages within the communication process. Why do people perceive things in different ways?

To answer the question, recall that we all engage in selection, or choosing some stimuli while ignoring others.

We exist as individuals within a community, regardless of whether we are conscious of it. Do you like 80s music? Prefer the Beatles? Nothing before ? Your tastes in music involve the senses, and what you choose to experience is influenced by your context and environment.

Your habits, values, and outlook on life are influenced by where you come from and where you are. The attributes that cause people to perceive things differently are known as individual differences. Physical characteristics influence how we perceive and respond to information. While a few very tall people will have to worry about hitting their heads on the overhang, most people in the world are not that tall. Tall and short individuals will perceive this sign differently.

Your psychological state can also influence what you read and listen to, and why you do so. If you were asked to design the binder and its contents, could you anticipate a psychological state of anxiety that would likely be present when someone needed the information? If so, then you might use clear bullet lists, concise, declarative sentences, and diagrams to communicate clearly. Identity Management Control or lack of control of the communication of information through a performance High and low self-monitors Face, facework, politeness.

All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Personality, Perception, and Attribution 1. Describe individual differences and explain why they. What is Perception? Perception involves the way we view the world around us. It adds, meaning to information gathered via the five senses of touch, smell,. Perceptions, Self and Communication. Culture Empathy vs. Chapter 2 Perception. Osland, David A. Kolb, and Irwin M. Chapter 8.

I can explain the relationship between the perceived expectation and the potential outcome 2. I can defend self-disclosure choices to achieve a positive.



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